what method do astronomers use to determine what happens when stars collide?

As it moves towards us, the light becomes bluer. This could only happen if something unseen was pulling the star around. We can also use the Doppler effect to measure how fast a star rotates. If we could live long enough, however, the changes would become obvious. Stars of such exaggerated size are called giants. But frankly, private philanthropy could not possibly support the full enterprise of scientific research in astronomy. We can measure its detailed chemical composition as well as the pressure in its atmosphere. If a star is rotating rapidly, there will be a greater spread of Doppler shifts and all its spectral lines should be quite broad. Due to the Doppler effect, the lines in the light that come from the side of the star rotating toward us are shifted to shorter wavelengths and the lines in the light from the opposite edge of the star are shifted to longer wavelengths. Three photographs of Barnard’s star, the star with the largest known proper motion, show how this faint star has moved over a period of 20 years.
If two stars at different distances are moving at the same velocity perpendicular to our line of sight, the closer one will show a larger shift in its position on the celestial sphere in a year’s time. Gaps appear in the smooth continuum of colors – places where the light literally goes missing. As the train rushes forward and blows its horn, the sound waves in front of the train get squished together.
Redshifts, the subtle movement of tiny dark lines in a star’s spectrum, are a fundamental part of the astronomer’s toolkit. Sound can only move so fast through the air – about 1,200 kilometers per hour (about 750 miles per hour). A star can also show proper motion, due to the component of a star’s space velocity across the line of sight. Anna Draper gave several hundred thousand dollars to Harvard Observatory. Police and astronomers both rely on a principle called the Doppler shift. As a car moves, sound waves in front of it get squished up while those behind get spread out. An example of this is the star Vega, which rotates once every 12.5 hours. Atop the foundation rose a 36-inch refractor, which for many years was the main instrument at the Lick Observatory near San Jose. Stronger lines mean that there are more atoms in the stellar photosphere absorbing light. When we pass starlight through a prism (or similar device), we see a forest of absorption lines from hydrogen, helium, sodium, and so on. The transverse velocity is a component of the space velocity projected on the sky. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Over several hundred thousand years, these changes can be large enough to affect the apparent brightnesses of nearby stars.

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