philosophical approach in political science

Find out the major dissimilarities between behaviouralism and post-behaviouralism. It takes into account issues such as justice, liberty, equality, democracy, etc. Political Science is studied in a systematic and scientific way. Thus, the post-behavioralism is a reformation of behavioralism as it shifts its focus strictly from empirical research to resolving problems confronting the society. The environment generates demands from different sections of the society such as demand for reservation in the matter of employment for certain groups, demand for better working conditions or minimum wages, demand for better transportation facilities, demand for better health facilities, etc.. Therefore post behaviouralists opposed the idea of behaviouralists to make Political Science a value-free science like other natural sciences. Its laboratory consists of sovereign and independent States into which the world is divided. Plato, the Greek philosopher, represented best this philosophical tradition of politics. The method of analogy is, no doubt, good and it serves a useful purpose, But analogy is not proof. It means that other countries borrowed from Britain parliamentary institutions what she was the first to experiment with. Therefore, a new thinking emerged among the behaviouralists for modifying behaviouralism. 1. Thus, Empirical Approach is used in the study of political science to arrive at different conclusions through experiments. The Government, or more generally  the political sector, according to Deutsch, is the typical goal-attaining sub-system. Whatever be the merits of structural functionalism and the possibilities of major advances likely to emerge from this analysis, there is no denying the fact that the study of comparative government has grown during recent years and has, indeed, become a major branch of study with scholars working on detailed problems and theorists attempting grand syntheses. In order to study it in a systematic and scientific manner, some approaches are usually followed. This is primarily due to the differences in the temperament and genius Of the people belonging to both the countries, their economic and social conditions, their moral and legal standards, and their political training and experience in administration. Examine it in its relation to them, for in that lies its worth and its significance. Regularities, Verification, Techniques and Quantification. The Indian Constituent Assembly amply benefited from this method. The works of Plato, Aristotle St. Thomas Aquinas, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacqua Rousseau, Edmund Burke, Jeremy Bentham, GW. There is limited practicability of transferring the fruits of political ingenuity from one country to another When we compare political institutions with a view to finding out general principles underlying them, we must take into account the differences, in the social, moral intellectual, temperamental, political and economic conditions of the counties Concerned or the communities compared. An accurate knowledge of the political life of people can, as a matter of fact, be acquired with the help of a combination of actual and ideals in life. Topics include historically influential theories, the genealogy of political ideas, democratic theory, and contemporary theories of legitimacy, identity, ethics, the good society, and social justice. (2) Study of philosophy of State i.e. Philosophical Historical Institutional Legal 1 These all are traditional approaches and they adopta normative approach. The UNESCO project, and the handbook it published, Contemporary Political Science, at least touched on the question. The comparative method aims at the study of existing political institutions or those which have existed in the past, to assemble a definite body of material from which the investigator, by selection, comparison, and elimination, may discover the ideal types and progressive forces of political history. Behaviouralists gave too much emphasis on methods and techniques and believed that it was better to be wrong than vague. Almond’s analysis is known as structural functionalism. One may observe the behaviour of the human beings and deduce certain conclusions. Thanks for the post. The facts analyses may smack, and they very often do, of the prejudices of the investigator. Later on David Easton further developed the concept of a political system. Nor must the institutions of government be regarded as eternal or petrified. It was only during the Renaissance, and particularly as a result of new discoveries, that the search for reality motivated political thinkers to observe, collect and analyses facts about the actual workings of governments and their institutions Observational method is one of the Ways of empirical studies and James Bryce was its great advocate He attached great importance to the study of the problems and institutions on the spot to investigate their operations and form conclusions therefrom. We can influence and attempt and hope the certainty and precision of the chemist, or even the physiologist, can never be ours.”. It emphasises that a political system should be based upon certain ideals and that it should strive to give shape to them. Every age,  it is argued, has its own problems and every problem requires a solution relative to the time in which it occurs. Hobbes was mortally afraid of strife, disorder and death and he believed that monarchy was the most stable and orderly kind of government which could ensure peace and order and he used the doctrine of Social Contract as a weapon of defense for absolute government and as a justification of Stuart  despotism. After taking various factors into consideration, the government decides to take action on some of theses demands while others are not acted upon. Prof. Gilchrist suggests one more inductive method, that of analogy. Only when a political scientist takes the help of different approaches, he can arrive at different conclusions. He traveled several countries and collected the data after having studied personally the psychology of the political institutions. In Political Science this method of investigation starts from some abstract original idea about human nature and draws deduction from that idea as to the nature of the State, its  aims, its fractions and its future. “The Republic” of Plato and the ‘Utopia’ of Thomas Moore are the products of philosophical imagination. This Almond describes as the probabilistic theory of the polity. His held of investigation should be so wide as to include the political phenomena of all countries, for the fundamentals of human nature are the same everywhere, except for the differences in their political habits and temperaments. These methods start with certain facts which are either historical in  their character or are the result of  experiment, comparison or observation and, then, certain conclusions regarding the political phenomena are arrived at. To study the State, government and law, Plato and Aristotle j adopted the deductive and inductive approaches respectively. is the society or the individual prior ? In such a country as France or the United States a capable man can, in a dozen years, acquire a comprehension of the realities of popular government ampler and more definite than any which books supply. The analysis of pubic opinion is as old as Plato, but as a field of scientific investigation with the aid of statistical tools it is only a generation old. It must, however be noted that increasing use is now being made of this method particularly in India. Deslandres,a French scholar recognizes six methods: Some recent writers have emphasized the importance of sociological, biological, psychological and statistical methods of investigation Contemporary political scientists significantly recognize and practice the psychological method with close ties to Economies Great importance is also given to comparative and statistical methods, the latter especially in the study of public opinion In United Kingdom seven different methods are in use: The sociological method endeavors to relate the political system of a country to the  social structure, habits, ideas, psychology and Customs of the community. A report by a research  panel in Comparative Government was published in 1944. However, the Behavioural approach has been faced with various criticisms for its ‘mad craze’ for scienticism also. We are the consequences of these traditions and institutions which we did not make and which We can only partially alter. There is however, some truth in the oft-quoted saying that man is wiser after experience. Q no. Korsgaard, Christine M. 2009. They also pass judgment on the political process in terms of abstract ideals many of which have an ethical content. But while doing so, they were not drawing exact parallels, nor claiming any infallibility in their predictions. Attempts have recently been made to differentiate between a political scientist and a political philosopher. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! John Locke proceeded from the pursuit of happiness and tolerance and justified the need of government by consent. 4. To put it rather bluntly, there are three kinds of lies, the white, black and statistics and it  is the last kind which is so difficult to nail or counteract Statistics are manipulated to suit the party purposes and explained to distort the facts for electoral gains and political maneuvering. Such questions cannot be avoided in the analysis of Parliament and they cannot be adequately answered without reference to certain ideal objectives and criteria. Plato laid emphasis on universal values and reasonings. Approaches to the Study of Political Science. Through the conversion process, the inputs are converted into ‘outputs’ by the decision makers in the form of policies, decisions, rules, regulations and laws. TOS4. It is the oldest approach to the study of politics. But I out predictions are limited by the necessity of recognizing that the facts are not within our control. 1. It, then, lessens the dangers of meaningless comparison of empty form and ossified rituals. By experimental method is, thus, implied that it is based on observation and experience. 1. Seeley has rightly said, We must think, reason, generalize, define and distinguish we must also collect, authenticate, and investigate If we neglect the first process, We shall accumulate facts to little purpose, because We shall have no test by Which to distinguish facts which are important from those which are unimportant and, of course, if we neglect the second process our reasoning will be baseless and we shall but weave scholastic cobwebs. This has been criticized for its dependence on techniques and methods ignoring the subject matter. Moreover, political institutions in every country are the logic of its own people and their requirements. It was not until the nineteenth century that the phenomena of the State came to be regarded as a proper field for scientific investigation and since then many methods and approaches have been suggested and employed. Plato started with his ideal of Justice and established a systematic philosophy of social relationships ordered by government. According to post-behavioralism, the political scientists should find out different alternatives and means to solve the social problems. The Government of India enacted the Gold Control Order which now stands more or less repealed, because the experiment did not fulfill the desired purpose underlying it. He wrote: “The best way to get a genuine and exact first-hand knowledge of the data is to mix in practical politics. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. 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